[cleanairuk_news] Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update April 2015
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* Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update April 2015 *
By Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality of Life Initiative
(Previous edition - March 2015:
http://cleanairuk.org/pipermail/news_cleanairuk.org/2015-April/000083.html)
(Index for previous issues:
http://www.cleanairuk.org/health-air-pollution.html)
*CONTENTS*
1) Quantification of population exposure to NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 and
estimated health impacts in Sweden 2010
2) Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust and alterations in
lymphocyte subsets
3) Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system
for buildings
4) Correlation of noise levels and particulate matter concentrations
near two major freeways in Los Angeles, California
5) A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Body Mass Index and Childhood
Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Air Pollution: The Southern
California Children’s Health Study
6) A Unified Spatiotemporal Modeling Approach for Predicting
Concentrations of Multiple Air Pollutants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of
Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution
7) Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Newborn Blood Pressure
8) Air Pollution and Neonatal Blood Pressure: Examining Earlier Exposures
9) Ensemble-Based Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter and
Emergency Department Visits for Pediatric Asthma
10) Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review
and meta-analysis
11) Interaction Effects of Temperature and Ozone on Lung Function and
Markers of Systemic Inflammation, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis: A
Crossover Study of Healthy Young Volunteers
12) Health risks of air pollution in Europe – HRAPIE project
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1) Quantification of population exposure to NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 and
estimated health impacts in Sweden 2010
Malin Gustafsson, Bertil Forsberg, Hans Orru, Stefan Åström, Haben
Tekie, Karin Sjöberg
We estimated approximately 3 500 preterm deaths per year from PM2.5
without any division between sources and using the exposure-response
coefficient 6.2% per 10 µg/m3. Assuming a division between sources we
estimated that non-local sources caused just over 3 000 preterm deaths
per year (exposure-response coefficient 6.2% per 10 µg/m3), and
residential wood burning caused just over 1 000 preterm deaths per
year (exposure-response coefficient 17% per 10 µg/m3). In addition, we
estimated approximately 1 300 preterm deaths per year from locally
generated vehicle exhaust using NO2 as an indicator (exposure-response
coefficient 17% per 10 µg/m3 and a 5 µg/m3 cut-off). Preterm mortality
related to short-term exposure to road dust PM, estimated to over 200
deaths per year (exposure-response coefficient 1,7% per 10 µg/m3),
should probably be added to the impact of local traffic in Sweden. In
summary, the total number of preterm deaths can be estimated to
approximately 5 500 per year when taking into account differences in
exposureresponse for different PM sources. Note that the ground-level
ozone has not been taken into account in this study, but can still
cause premature deaths and other health issues.
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. December 2014, 74pp
- read report
(http://ivl.se/download/18.41ba7c1514a956c967d64d/1429095505500/IVL+B2197_Exponering_2010.pdf)
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2) Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust and alterations in
lymphocyte subsets
Qing Lan, Roel Vermeulen, Yufei Dai, Dianzhi Ren, Wei Hu, Huawei Duan,
Yong Niu, Jun Xu, Wei Fu, Kees Meliefste, Baosen Zhou, Jufang Yang,
Meng Ye, Xiaowei Jia, Tao Meng, Ping Bin, Christopher Kim, Bryan A
Bassig, H Dean Hosgood III, Debra Silverman, Yuxin Zheng, Nathaniel
Rothman
The International Agency for Research on Cancer recently classified
diesel engine exhaust (DEE) as a Group I carcinogen based largely on
its association with lung cancer. However, the exposure–response
relationship is still a subject of debate and the underlying mechanism
by which DEE causes lung cancer in humans is not well understood. This
study provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of DEE
carcinogenicity.
Occup Environ Med 2015;72:354-359 - read abstract
(http://oem.bmj.com/content/72/5/354.abstract?etoc)
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3) Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system
for buildings
Z. Azkorra, G. Pérez, J. Coma, L.F. Cabeza, S. Bures, J.E. Álvaro, A.
Erkoreka, M. Urrestarazu
Weighted sound reduction index of 15 db were obtained by green wall.
Weighted sound absorption coefficient of 0.40 were found by green
wall. Green wall have significant potential sound insulation for
vegetal architecture.
Applied Acoustics 89, March 2015, 46–56 - read article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003682X14002333)
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4) Correlation of noise levels and particulate matter concentrations
near two major freeways in Los Angeles, California
Shi Shu, Pu Yang, Yifang Zhu
Spatial distributions of PM and noise were concurrently measured near
freeways. Noise showed a more symmetrical profile on both sides of
freeways. UFP concentrations decay with increasing distance to freeway
only on downwind side. Moderate correlations between UFP and noise
were identified at downwind side. Presence of sound wall changed the
correlation between UFP and noise.
Environmental Pollution 193, October 2014, 130–137 - read abstract
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114002577)
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5) A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Body Mass Index and Childhood
Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Air Pollution: The Southern
California Children’s Health Study
Rob McConnell, Ernest Shen, Frank D. Gilliland, Michael Jerrett,
Jennifer Wolch, Chih-Chieh Chang, Frederick Lurmann, Kiros Berhane
Our findings strengthen emerging evidence that exposure to tobacco
smoke and NRP (near-roadway pollution exposure) contribute to
development of childhood obesity and suggest that combined exposures
may have synergistic effects.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307031 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307031/)
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6) A Unified Spatiotemporal Modeling Approach for Predicting
Concentrations of Multiple Air Pollutants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of
Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution
Joshua P. Keller, Casey Olives, Sun-Young Kim, Lianne Sheppard, Paul
D. Sampson, Adam A. Szpiro, Assaf P. Oron, Johan Lindström, Sverre
Vedal, Joel D. Kaufman
This novel spatiotemporal modeling approach provides accurate
fine-scale predictions in multiple regions for four pollutants. We
have generated participant-specific predictions for MESA Air to
investigate health effects of long-term air pollution exposures. These
successes highlight modeling advances that can be adopted more widely
in modern cohort studies.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1408145 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1408145/)
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7) Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Newborn Blood Pressure
Lenie van Rossem, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Steven J. Melly, Itai Kloog,
Heike Luttmann-Gibson, Antonella Zanobetti, Brent A. Coull, Joel D.
Schwartz, Murray A. Mittleman, Emily Oken, Matthew W. Gillman, Petros
Koutrakis, Diane R. Gold
Exposures to PM2.5 and BC (black carbon) in late pregnancy were
positively associated with newborn SBP (systolic blood pressure),
whereas O3 was negatively associated with SBP. Longitudinal follow-up
will enable us to assess the implications of these findings for health
during later childhood and adulthood.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307419 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307419/)
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8) Air Pollution and Neonatal Blood Pressure: Examining Earlier Exposures
Wendee Nicole
Ambient air pollution has been associated in some studies (but not
all) with increased blood pressure in adults1 and children.2,3 A study
in this issue of EHP examines even earlier exposures during gestation,
an important period of cardiovascular growth and development.4 The
results show a small but significant increase in newborn systolic
blood pressure associated with exposure in the third trimester to
black carbon (BC) and, to a lesser extent, fine particulate matter
(PM2.5).
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.123-A94 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/123-A94/)
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9) Ensemble-Based Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter and
Emergency Department Visits for Pediatric Asthma
Katherine Gass, Sivaraman Balachandran, Howard H. Chang, Armistead G.
Russell, Matthew J. Strickland
Adverse associations with pediatric asthma were observed for 8-day
exposure to particles generated from diesel-fueled vehicles (rate
ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.10) and gasoline-fueled
vehicles (rate ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.17).
Am. J. Epidemiol (2015) 181(7): 504-512 - read abstract
(http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/181/7/504.abstract?etoc)
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10) Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review
and meta-analysis
Anoop S V Shah, Kuan Ken Lee, David A McAllister, Amanda Hunter,
Harish Nair, William Whiteley, Jeremy P Langrish, David E Newby,
Nicholas L Mills
Gaseous and particulate air pollutants have a marked and close
temporal association with admissions to hospital for stroke or
mortality from stroke. Public and environmental health policies to
reduce air pollution could reduce the burden of stroke.
BMJ 2015;350:h1295 - read article
(http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1295?etoc=)
The relation between past exposure to fine particulate air pollution
and prevalent anxiety: observational cohort study
Melinda C Power, Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, Jaime E Hart, Olivia
I Okereke, Francine Laden, Marc G Weisskopf
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was associated with high
symptoms of anxiety, with more recent exposures potentially more
relevant than more distant exposures. Research evaluating whether
reductions in exposure to ambient PM2.5 would reduce the population
level burden of clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety is warranted.
BMJ 2015;350:h1111 - read article
(http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1111?etoc=)
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11) Interaction Effects of Temperature and Ozone on Lung Function and
Markers of Systemic Inflammation, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis: A
Crossover Study of Healthy Young Volunteers
Juliette J. Kahle, Lucas M. Neas, Robert B. Devlin, Martin W. Case,
Michael T. Schmitt, Michael C. Madden, David Diaz-Sanchez
Ozone-induced systemic but not respiratory effects varied according to
temperature. Our study suggests that at moderate temperature ozone may
activate the fibrinolytic pathway, while at elevated temperature ozone
may impair it. These findings provide a biological basis for the
interaction between temperature and ozone on mortality observed in
some epidemiologic studies.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307986 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307986/)
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12) Health risks of air pollution in Europe – HRAPIE project
New emerging risks to health from air pollution – results from the
survey of experts
Susann Henschel and Gabrielle Chan
The main findings of the survey are that the majority of respondents
identified the general categories of “road traffic”, “space heating
and air conditioning”, and “shipping” as the top three emission source
categories of concern associated with emerging issues for public
health. The experts felt that fine and ultra-fine particles and their
metal content are of greatest concern in relation to health effects.
Some of the issues identified are not new but may not have been
sufficiently recognized or given priority in the past, while their
significance or importance is now coming to the fore. The experts also
felt that many well-known issues still require attention. The views of
the experts are generally consistent with the findings of the REVIHAAP
evidence review.
World Health Organization 2013, 65pp - read report
(http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/234026/e96933.pdf?ua=1)
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Compiler and Editor: Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality
of Life Initiative
10 Montgomery Terrace Road
Sheffield S6 3BU
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Fax 0114 278 7173
Email: barbara at sheffieldct.co.uk
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