[cleanairuk_news] Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update June/ July 2014
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Mon Jul 14 17:23:50 BST 2014
* Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update June/ July 2014 *
By Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality of Life Initiative
(Previous edition - May 2014:
http://cleanairuk.org/pipermail/news_cleanairuk.org/2014-May/000071.html)
(Index for previous issues:
http://www.cleanairuk.org/health-air-pollution.html)
*CONTENTS*
1) Short-term effects of air pollution on a range of cardiovascular
events in England and Wales: case-crossover analysis of the MINAP
database, hospital admissions and mortality
2) Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cognitive Function Among
U.S. Older Adults
3) Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Association with
Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Agricultural Health
Study Cohort
4) Epigenetic Influences on Associations between Air Pollutants and
Lung Function in Elderly Men: The Normative Aging Study
5) Ambient Air Pollution and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults:
Results from the MOBILIZE Boston Study
6) Longitudinal effects of air pollution on exhaled nitric oxide: the
Children's Health Study
7) Profitable to cut air pollution
8) Which specific causes of death are associated with short term
exposure to fine and coarse particles in Southern Europe? Results from
the MED-PARTICLES project
9) Controlled Exposures to Air Pollutants and Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmia
Jeremy P. Langrish, Simon J. Watts, Amanda J. Hunter, Anoop S.V. Shah,
Jenny A. Bosson, Jon Unosson, Stefan Barath, Magnus Lundbäck, Flemming
R. Cassee, Ken Donaldson, Thomas Sandström, Anders Blomberg, David E.
Newby, Nicholas L. Mills
10) Associations of Short-Term Particle and Noise Exposures with
Markers of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health among Highway
Maintenance Workers
Reto Meier, Wayne E. Cascio, Andrew J. Ghio, Pascal Wild, Brigitta
Danuser, Michael Riediker
11) Association between Source-Specific Particulate Matter Air
Pollution and hs-CRP: Local Traffic and Industrial Emissions
12) Air quality deteriorating in many of the world’s cities World
Health Organization
13) The cost of air pollution: Health impacts of road transport
14) Short-Term Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Ischemic
Stroke Occurrence: A Case-Crossover Study
15) A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
16) Socioeconomic status and exposure to outdoor NO2 and benzene in
the Asturias INMA birth cohort, Spain
17) Effects of long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 on asthma and wheeze
in a prospective birth cohort
18) Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
19) Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region:
2000–2010
20) Association between wheeze and selected air pollution sources in
an air pollution priority area in South Africa: a cross-sectional study
21) Use the law, beat pollution
22) Achieving Safety, Sustainability and Health Goals in Transport
23) Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and temperature data to
generate time-activity classifications for estimating personal
exposure in air monitoring studies: an automated method
24) Know your air for health
25) Multi-country willingness to pay study on road-traffic
environmental health effects: are people willing and able to provide a
number?
26) Road traffic noise frequency and prevalent hypertension in
Taichung, Taiwan: A cross-sectional study
27) A national case-crossover analysis of the short-term effect of
PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and
neurological disorders
28) Traffic-related air pollution and obesity formation in children: a
longitudinal, multilevel analysis
29) Association of traffic-related hazardous air pollutants and
cervical dysplasia in an urban multiethnic population: a
cross-sectional study
30) Chronic air pollution and social deprivation as modifiers of the
association between high temperature and daily mortality
31) Multiple exposures to airborne pollutants and hospital admissions
due to diseases of the circulatory system in Santiago de Chile
32) Comparison of particulate matter dose and acute heart rate
variability response in cyclists, pedestrians, bus and train passengers
33) Personal exposure to ultrafine particles: The influence of
time-activity patterns
34) A modeling investigation of the impact of street and building
configurations on personal air pollutant exposure in isolated deep
urban canyons
35) Field assessment of the effects of roadside vegetation on
near-road black carbon and particulate matter
36) Getting Cars Off the Road: The Cost-Effectiveness of an Episodic
Pollution Control Program
- o -
1) Short-term effects of air pollution on a range of cardiovascular
events in England and Wales: case-crossover analysis of the MINAP
database, hospital admissions and mortality
Ai Milojevic, Paul Wilkinson, Ben Armstrong, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Liam
Smeeth, Shakoor Hajat
This study found no clear evidence for pollution effects on STEMIs and
stroke, which ultimately represent thrombogenic processes, though it
did for pulmonary embolism. The strongest associations with air
pollution were observed with selected non-MI outcomes.
Heart doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304963 - read article
(http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2014/04/10/heartjnl-2013-304963.full)
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2) Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cognitive Function Among
U.S. Older Adults
Jennifer A. Ailshire, Philippa Clarke
Older adults living in areas with high concentrations of PM2.5 had an
error rate 1.5 times greater than those exposed to lower
concentrations, net of individual and neighborhood-level demographic
and socioeconomic characteristics.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci (2014) doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu064 -
read article
(http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/05/geronb.gbu064.full)
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3) Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Association with
Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Agricultural Health
Study Cohort
Scott Weichenthal, Paul J. Villeneuve, Richard T. Burnett, Aaron van
Donkelaar, Randall V. Martin, Rena R. Jones, Curt T. DellaValle, Dale
P. Sandler, Mary H. Ward, Jane A. Hoppin
Rural PM2.5 may be associated with cardiovascular mortality in men;
however, similar associations were not observed among women. Further
evaluation is required to explore these sex differences.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307277 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307277/)
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4) Epigenetic Influences on Associations between Air Pollutants and
Lung Function in Elderly Men: The Normative Aging Study
Johanna Lepeule, Marie-Abele Catherine Bind, Andrea A. Baccarelli,
Petros Koutrakis, Letizia Tarantini, Augusto Litonjua, David Sparrow,
Pantel Vokonas, Joel D. Schwartz
Subchronic exposure to traffic-related pollutants was associated with
significantly reduced lung function in the elderly; nontraffic
pollutants (particles, ozone) had weaker associations. Epigenetic
mechanisms related to inflammation and immunity may influence these
associations.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1206458 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1206458/)
- o -
5) Ambient Air Pollution and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults:
Results from the MOBILIZE Boston Study
Yi Wang, Melissa N. Eliot, Petros Koutrakis, Alexandros Gryparis, Joel
D. Schwartz, Brent A. Coull, Murray A. Mittleman, William P. Milberg,
Lewis A. Lipsitz, Gregory A. Wellenius
We found no evidence suggesting that ambient air pollution is
associated with depressive symptoms among older adults living in a
metropolitan area in attainment of current U.S. regulatory standards.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1205909 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205909/)
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6) Longitudinal effects of air pollution on exhaled nitric oxide: the
Children's Health Study
Kiros Berhane, Yue Zhang, Muhammad T Sala1, Sandrah P Ecke1, William S
Linn, Edward B Rappaport, Theresa M Bastain, Fred Lurmann, Frank D
Gilliland
Changes in annual average exposure to current levels of ambient air
pollutants are significantly associated with changes in FeNO levels in
children, independent of short-term exposures and asthma status. Use
of this biomarker in population-based epidemiological research has
great potential for assessing the impact of changing real world
mixtures of ambient air pollutants on children's respiratory health.
Occup Environ Med 2014;71:507-513 - read abstract
(http://oem.bmj.com/content/71/7/507.abstract.html?etoc)
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7) Profitable to cut air pollution
Christer Ågren
The monetised health benefits alone of less air pollution are up to 42
times greater than the emission abatement costs. In addition there
will be substantial benefits to ecosystems, forests, agricultural
crops and materials. Health benefits alone will save €38–139 billion
per year if a new NEC directive is implemented.
Acid News No. 2, June 2014 - read article
(http://www.airclim.org/acidnews/profitable-cut-air-pollution)
- o -
8) Which specific causes of death are associated with short term
exposure to fine and coarse particles in Southern Europe? Results from
the MED-PARTICLES project
Evangelia Samoli, Massimo Stafoggia, Sophia Rodopoulou, Bart Ostro,
Ester Alessandrini, Xavier Basagaña, Julio Díaz, Annunziata Faustini,
Martina Gandini, Angeliki Karanasiou, Apostolos G. Kelessis, Alain Le
Tertre, Cristina Linares, Andrea Ranzi, Cecilia Scarinzi, Klea
Katsouyanni, Francesco Forastiere, the MED-PARTICLES Study group
We investigated particles' effects on cause-specific mortality in 10
European areas. PM2.5 exposure was related to deaths due to diabetes,
cardiac causes and COPD. Associations were stronger during the hot
period of the year. Associations with coarse particles were weaker and
more variable.
Environment International 67, June 2014, 54–61 - read abstract
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014000634)
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9) Controlled Exposures to Air Pollutants and Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmia
Jeremy P. Langrish, Simon J. Watts, Amanda J. Hunter, Anoop S.V. Shah,
Jenny A. Bosson, Jon Unosson, Stefan Barath, Magnus Lundbäck, Flemming
R. Cassee, Ken Donaldson, Thomas Sandström, Anders Blomberg, David E.
Newby, Nicholas L. Mills
Acute controlled exposure to air pollutants did not increase the
short-term risk of arrhythmia in participants. Research employing
these techniques remains crucial in identifying the important
pathophysiological pathways involved in the adverse effects of air
pollution, and is vital to inform environmental and public health
policy decisions.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307337 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307337/)
- o -
10) Associations of Short-Term Particle and Noise Exposures with
Markers of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health among Highway
Maintenance Workers
Reto Meier, Wayne E. Cascio, Andrew J. Ghio, Pascal Wild, Brigitta
Danuser, Michael Riediker
Our findings suggest that exposure to particles and noise during
highway maintenance work might pose a cardiovascular health risk.
Actions to reduce these exposures could lead to better health for this
population of workers.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307100 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307100/)
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11) Association between Source-Specific Particulate Matter Air
Pollution and hs-CRP: Local Traffic and Industrial Emissions
Frauke Hennig, Kateryna Fuks, Susanne Moebus, Gudrun Weinmayr, Michael
Memmesheimer, Hermann Jakobs, Martina Bröcker-Preuss, Dagmar
Führer-Sakel, Stefan Möhlenkamp, Raimund Erbel, Karl-Heinz Jöckel,
Barbara Hoffmann, on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study
Investigative Group
Long-term exposure to local traffic-specific PM (PM2.5, PM10) was more
strongly associated with systemic inflammation than total PM.
Associations of local industry-specific PM were slightly stronger but
not significantly different from associations with total PM.
Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307081 - read article
(http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307081/)
- o -
12) Air quality deteriorating in many of the world’s cities World
Health Organization
Only 12% of the people living in cities reporting on air quality
reside in cities where this complies with WHO air quality guideline
levels. About half of the urban population being monitored is exposed
to air pollution that is at least 2.5 times higher than the levels WHO
recommends - putting those people at additional risk of serious,
long-term health problems.
WHO News Release 2014 - read article
(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-quality/en/)
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13) The cost of air pollution: Health impacts of road transport
OECD report
Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3.5 million people a year
globally, far more than was previously estimated. Air pollution has
now become the biggest environmental cause of premature death,
overtaking poor sanitation and a lack of clean drinking water. In most
OECD countries, the death toll from heart and lung diseases caused by
air pollution is much higher than the one from traffic accidents -
read report (http://www.oecd.org/environment/cost-of-air-pollution.htm)
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14) Short-Term Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Ischemic
Stroke Occurrence: A Case-Crossover Study
Hui-Fen Chiu, Chun-Yuh Yang
This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5 enhance the
risk of hospital admissions for IS.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 76;21, 2013, 1188-1197
- read abstract
(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15287394.2013.842463#.U7Jz75SwJnE)
- o -
15) A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Tiew-Hwa Katherine Teng, Teresa A Williams, Alexandra Bremner, Hideo
Tohira, Peter Franklin, Andrew Tonkin, Ian Jacobs, Judith Finn
Larger studies have suggested an increased risk of OHCA with air
pollution exposure from PM2.5 and ozone.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:37-43 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/68/1/37.abstract)
- o -
16) Socioeconomic status and exposure to outdoor NO2 and benzene in
the Asturias INMA birth cohort, Spain
Ana Fernández-Somoano, Adonina Tardon
Education and social class were not clearly associated with pollution.
Administrations should monitor the environment of residential areas
regardless of the socioeconomic level, and they should increase the
distances between housing and polluting sources to prevent settlements
at distances that are harmful to health.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:29-36 - read article
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/68/1/29.full)
- o -
17) Effects of long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 on asthma and wheeze
in a prospective birth cohort
Anna Mölter, Raymond Agius, Frank de Vocht, Sarah Lindley, William
Gerrard, Adnan Custovic, Angela Simpson
No evidence of a significant association between long-term exposure to
PM10 and NO2 and the prevalence of either asthma or wheeze was found.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:21-28 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/68/1/21.abstract)
- o -
18) Ambient air pollution and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Xiaohui Xu, Hui Hu, Sandie Ha, Jeffrey Roth
This study suggests that exposure to high levels of air pollution
during early pregnancy and the full gestational period was associated
with increased prevalence of HDP in Florida, USA.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:13-20 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/68/1/13.abstract)
- o -
19) Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of
out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region:
2000–2010
Lahn Straney, Judith Finn, Martine Dennekamp, Alexandra Bremner,
Andrew Tonkin, Ian Jacobs
Elevated ambient PM2.5 and CO are associated with an increased risk of OHCA.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2014;68:6-12 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/68/1/6.abstract)
- o -
20) Association between wheeze and selected air pollution sources in
an air pollution priority area in South Africa: a cross-sectional study
Joyce Shirinde, Janine Wichmann, Kuku Voyi
It was concluded that children living in one of the air pollution
priority areas of South Africa, have an increased risk of wheezing due
to exposure to both indoor and outdoor air pollution sources.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:32 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/32)
21) Use the law, beat pollution
Client Earth has produced “The Clean Air Handbook: A practical guide
to EU air quality law” to provide individuals, groups and lawyers with
a straightforward, easy to use guide to EU air quality law - download
handbook
(http://www.clientearth.org/201405282553/news/latest-news/use-the-law-beat-pollution-2553)
- o -
22) Achieving Safety, Sustainability and Health Goals in Transport
On the anniversary of the transfer of responsibility for public health
to local government, PACTS has produced a major report Achieving
Safety, Sustainability and Health Goals in Transport. The report looks
at recent calls for greater alignment of policy and practice across
the road safety, sustainable transport and public health sectors in
order to provide more effective delivery and improved outcomes. The
report draws on the views of a cross-section of experts in order to
determine how much joined-up working is currently underway and to how
it could be improved and increased -
read report
(http://www.pacts.org.uk/2014/03/achieving-safety-sustainability-and-health-goals-in-transport/)
- o -
23) Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and temperature data to
generate time-activity classifications for estimating personal
exposure in air monitoring studies: an automated method
Elizabeth Nethery, Gary Mallach, Daniel Rainham, Mark S Goldberg,
Amanda J Wheeler
Mean times spent in different locations as categorized by a GPS-based
method were comparable to those from a time-activity diary, but there
were differences in estimates of exposure to PM2.5 from the two
methods. An automated GPS-based time-activity method will reduce
participant burden, potentially providing more accurate and unbiased
assessments of location. Combined with continuous air measurements,
the higher resolution GPS data could present a different and more
accurate picture of personal exposures to air pollution.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:33 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/33)
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24) Know your air for health
Breathing in dirty air has immediate effects – such as coughing and
wheezing – but recent research shows that the long-term effects of
polluted air on health are far greater. Asthma and lung diseases such
as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) can be a consequence
of the air we breathe.
Know your air for health is a joint project by the Health &
Environment Alliance (HEAL) and the European Federation of Allergy and
Airways Diseases Patients Associations (EFA). The main objective is to
help communicate EU air quality information to European citizens and
alerts to allergy, asthma and COPD patients in Europe to achieve
cleaner air and greater protection -
read more (http://www.knowyourairforhealth.eu/)
- o -
25) Multi-country willingness to pay study on road-traffic
environmental health effects: are people willing and able to provide a
number?
Tifanny Istamto, Danny Houthuijs, Erik Lebret
With a proportion of about 50%, DK answers may be a more relevant
issue affecting WTP than PV’s. The likelihood to give PV and DK
response were influenced by socio-demographic, economic and health
factors, as well as environmental concerns and appreciation of
environmental conditions and policies. In contested policy issues
where actual policy may be based on WTP studies, PV and DK answers may
indeed affect the outcome of the WTP study. PV and DK answers and
their determinants therefore deserve further study in CV studies on
environmental health effects.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:35 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/35)
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26) Road traffic noise frequency and prevalent hypertension in
Taichung, Taiwan: A cross-sectional study
Ta-Yuan Chang, Rob Beelen, Su-Fei Li, Tzu-I Chen, Yen-Ju Lin, Bo-Ying
Bao, Chiu-Shong Liu
With the possible bias of exposure misclassification and a bias from
using diagnosed hypertension, these results suggest that exposure to
road traffic noise at low and hearing-sensitive frequencies may be
associated with hypertension and exposure to noise at 125 Hz may have
the greatest risk for hypertension.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:37 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/37)
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27) A national case-crossover analysis of the short-term effect of
PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and
neurological disorders
Antonella Zanobetti, Francesca Dominici, Yun Wang, Joel D Schwartz
We found that short-term exposure to fine particles increased the risk
of hospitalizations for Parkinson’s disease and diabetes, and of
all-cause mortality. While the association between short term exposure
to PM2.5 and mortality was higher among Medicare enrollees that had a
previous admission for diabetes and neurological disorders than among
Medicare enrollees that did not had a prior admission for these
diseases, the effect modification was not statistically significant.
We believe that these results provide useful insights regarding the
mechanisms by which particles may affect the brain. A better
understanding of the mechanisms will enable the development of new
strategies to protect individuals at risk and to reduce detrimental
effects of air pollution on the nervous system.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:38 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/38)
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28) Traffic-related air pollution and obesity formation in children: a
longitudinal, multilevel analysis
Michael Jerrett, Rob McConnell, Jennifer Wolch, Roger Chang, Claudia
Lam, Genevieve Dunton, Frank Gilliland, Fred Lurmann, Talat Islam,
Kiros Berhane
Traffic pollution was positively associated with growth in BMI in
children aged 5-11 years. Traffic pollution may be controlled via
emission restrictions; changes in land use that promote jobs-housing
balance and use of public transit and hence reduce vehicle miles
traveled; promotion of zero emissions vehicles, transit and
car-sharing programs; or by limiting high pollution traffic, such as
diesel trucks, from residential areas or places where children play
outdoors, such as schools and parks. Such controls may have beneficial
effects in terms of reduced obesity formation in children.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:49 - read abstract/provisional article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/49/abstract)
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29) Association of traffic-related hazardous air pollutants and
cervical dysplasia in an urban multiethnic population: a
cross-sectional study
Michael E Scheurer, Heather E Danysh, Michele Follen, Philip J Lupo
Traffic-related HAPs, such as benzene, DPM, and PAHs, are not as
well-regulated and monitored as criteria air pollutants (e.g., ozone),
underscoring the need for studies evaluating the role of these
toxicants on disease risk. Our results suggest that exposure to
traffic-related air toxics may increase cervical dysplasia prevalence.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:52 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/52)
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30) Chronic air pollution and social deprivation as modifiers of the
association between high temperature and daily mortality
Tarik Benmarhnia, Youssef Oulhote, Claire Petit, Annabelle Lapostolle,
Pierre Chauvin, Denis Zmirou-Navier, Séverine Deguen
Our results may have implications in considering chronically polluted
areas as vulnerable in heat action plans and in the long-term measures
to reduce the burden of heat stress especially in the context of
climate change.
Environmental Health 2014, 13:53 - read article
(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/13/1/53)
- o -
31) Multiple exposures to airborne pollutants and hospital admissions
due to diseases of the circulatory system in Santiago de Chile
Ulrich Franck, Arne Marian Leitte, Peter Suppan
We assessed the effects of multiple airborne exposures on
cardiovascular hospital admissions in Santiago de Chile. We found
significant adverse effects for CO, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5, but not O3.
Effect strength and lag time depend on the type of pollutant.
Different airborne pollutants account for varying adverse effects
within different cardiovascular disease groups.
Science of The Total Environment Vol.468–469, 2014, 746–756 - read
article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010152)
32) Comparison of particulate matter dose and acute heart rate
variability response in cyclists, pedestrians, bus and train passengers
Marguerite Nyhan, Aonghus McNabola, Bruce Misstear
We assess acute relative variations in HRV with PM lung deposition in
commuters. PM lung deposited dose was predicted by a numerical human
respiratory tract model. Previous studies relating PM to HRV have not
accounted for varying ventilation rates. Active commuters had higher
modelled PM deposited doses than inactive commuters. Increased PM lung
deposition is linked to declines in HRV in pedestrians and cyclists.
Science of The Total Environment Vol.468–469, 2014, 821–831 - read
article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010231)
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33) Personal exposure to ultrafine particles: The influence of
time-activity patterns
G. Buonanno, L. Stabile, L. Morawska
Personal exposure to ultrafine particles was measured for home and
full time workers. The average exposure and dose were higher for women
during both summer and winter. Results show that winter exposure was
higher in respect to summer. Cooking activities contribute in a
significant way. The highest dose intensity activity for men was time
spent using transportation.
Science of The Total Environment vol.468–469, 2014, 903–907 - read
article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010449)
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34) A modeling investigation of the impact of street and building
configurations on personal air pollutant exposure in isolated deep
urban canyons
Wai-Yin Ng, Chi-Kwan Chau
Indirect exposure approach was used to evaluate canyon air quality.
Certain building spacing and setback configurations could reduce
personal exposures. Building setbacks were the best option in lowering
personal exposures. Decision making hierarchy guides the canyon
planning in high density urban cities.
Science of The Total Environment Vol.468–469, 2014, 429–448 - read
article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010048)
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35) Field assessment of the effects of roadside vegetation on
near-road black carbon and particulate matter
Halley L. Brantley, Gayle S.W. Hagler, Parikshit J. Deshmukh, Richard
W. Baldauf
Vegetation barriers altered near-road black carbon concentrations.
Vegetation reduced downwind black carbon concentrations by
approximately 12%. Downwind fine and coarse particle concentration
were unaffected by vegetation. Black carbon gradients more gradual
behind vegetation compared to a clearing.
Science of The Total Environment Vol.468–469, 2014, 120–129 - read
article
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713009145)
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36) Getting Cars Off the Road: The Cost-Effectiveness of an Episodic
Pollution Control Program
Maureen L. Cropper, Yi Jiang, Anna Alberini, Patrick Baur
Ground-level ozone remains a serious problem in the United States.
Because ozone non-attainment is a summer problem, episodic rather than
continuous controls of ozone precursors are possible. Although
year-round measures, such as the Tier II emissions standards, might be
preferred on benefit-cost grounds, an episodic permit system might be
considered as an interim measure before the Tier II emissions
standards are fully reflected in the vehicle fleet.
Environmental and Resource Economics 2014, 57;1, 117-143 - read
abstract (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640-013-9669-4)
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---------------------------------------------------------------------
Compiler and Editor: Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality
of Life Initiative
10 Montgomery Terrace Road
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Fax 0114 278 7173
Email: barbara at sheffieldct.co.uk
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