[cleanairuk_news] Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update November 2013
Network for Clean Air
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Sat Dec 14 17:34:42 GMT 2013
* Health Effects of Air Quality and Noise - update November 2013 *
By Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality of Life Initiative
(Previous edition - October 2013:
http://cleanairuk.org/pipermail/news_cleanairuk.org/2013-November/000059.html)
*CONTENTS*
1) Co-benefits of post-2012 global climate mitigation policies
2) Association between pre-eclampsia and locally derived
traffic-related air pollution: a retrospective cohort study
3) Epidemiological evidence on association between ambient air
pollution and stroke mortality
4) Residential proximity to major roadways and renal function
5) Acute nasal pro-inflammatory response to air pollution depends on
characteristics other than particle mass concentration or oxidative
potential: the RAPTES project
6) Components of ambient air pollution affect thrombin generation in
healthy humans: the RAPTES project
7) Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air
Pollution in a National English Cohort
8) Fluctuations in air pollution give risk warning signals of asthma
hospitalization
Nan-Hung Hsieh, Chung-Min Liao
9) Measurement of airborne concentrations of tire and road wear
particles in urban and rural areas of France, Japan, and the United
States
10) Assessment of toxic potential of primary and secondary
particulates/aerosols from biodiesel vis-à-vis mineral diesel fuelled
engine
11) Nitrogen dioxide is genotoxic in urban concentrations
12) Early lung development: lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease
13) Effects of air pollution on fetal development—more than low birthweight?
14) The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution
15) Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study
(ESCAPE)
16) Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: a nationwide case-control
study in Italy
17) Associations between ambient air pollution and gestational
hypertension in a nova scotia pregnancy cohort
18) Observational approaches in the study of the effects of Total
Suspended Particulates (TSP) exposure
19) Aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease near Heathrow airport in
London: small area study
20) Aircraft noise and health
- o -
1) Co-benefits of post-2012 global climate mitigation policies
Peter Rafaj, Wolfgang Schöpp, Peter Russ, Chris Heyes, Markus Amann
This paper provides an analysis of co-benefits for traditional air
pollutants made possible through global climate policies using the
Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS)
model in the time horizon up to 2050.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change August 2013,
18, 6, 801-824 - read abstract
(http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11027-012-9390-6)
- o -
2) Association between pre-eclampsia and locally derived
traffic-related air pollution: a retrospective cohort study
Gavin Pereira, Fatima Haggar, Antonia W Shand, Carol Bower, Angus
Cook, Natasha Nassar
Elevated exposure to traffic-related air pollution in pregnancy was
associated with increased risk of pre-eclampsia. Effect sizes were
highest for elevated exposures in third trimester and among younger
and older women, aboriginal women and women with diabetes.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2013;67:147-152
doi:10.1136/jech-2011-200805 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/2/147.abstract)
- o -
3) Epidemiological evidence on association between ambient air
pollution and stroke mortality
Yifeng Qian, Meiying Zhu, Binxin Cai, Qing Yang, Haidong Kan, Guixiang
Song, Wenzheng Jin, Ming Han, Chunfang Wang
Both total-stroke and ischaemic-stroke mortalities were found to be
significantly associated with all three air pollutants (particles with
size <10 µm, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide). Haemorrhagic stroke
was significantly associated with SO2 and NO2 only. Substantial
differences were observed for effect estimates of ischaemic-stroke
mortality in relation to NO2 among people with cardiac diseases
compared with those without; for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in NO2, the
increase in ischaemic-stroke mortality was 7.05% (95% CI 1.92% to
12.17%) for people with comorbid cardiac diseases versus 0.60% (95% CI
−0.49% to 1.68%) for those without. We did not find evidence of effect
modification by hypertension and diabetes. This study provides new
evidence for the association between exposure to ambient air pollution
and stroke mortality. Our results also suggest that underlying cardiac
disorder may increase the risk for ischaemic-stroke mortality in
relation to air pollution
exposure, especially NO2.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2013;67:635-640
doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201096 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/8/635.abstract)
- o -
4) Residential proximity to major roadways and renal function
Shih-Ho Lue, Gregory A Wellenius, Elissa H Wilker, Elizabeth
Mostofsky, Murray A Mittleman
Patients living closer to a major roadway had lower eGFR (estimated
glomerular filtration rate) than patients living farther away
(Ptrend=0.01). Comparing patients living 50 m versus 1000 m from a
major roadway was associated with a 3.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 lower eGFR (95%
CI 1.0 to 6.7; p=0.007): a difference comparable in magnitude to the
reduction in eGFR observed for a 4-year increase in age in
population-based studies. The magnitude of this association did not
differ significantly across categories of age, sex, race, history of
hypertension, diabetes or socioeconomic status. Living near a major
roadway is associated with lower eGFR in a cohort of patients
presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. If causal, these results imply
that exposures associated with living near a major roadway contribute
to reduced renal function, an important risk factor for cardiovascular
events.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2013;67:629-634
doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202307 - read abstract
(http://jech.bmj.com/content/67/8/629.abstract)
- o -
5) Acute nasal pro-inflammatory response to air pollution depends on
characteristics other than particle mass concentration or oxidative
potential: the RAPTES project
Maaike Steenhof, Ian S Mudway, Ilse Gosens, Gerard Hoek, Krystal J
Godri, Frank J Kelly, Roy M Harrison, Raymond H H Pieters, Flemming R
Cassee, Erik Lebret, Bert A Brunekreef, Maciej Strak, Nicole A H Janssen
In two-pollutant models, cytokines in NAL were positively associated
with OC, endotoxin and NO2; protein was associated with NO2; and
lactoferrin was associated with all PM characteristics that were high
at the underground site. In blood, associations with OC and endotoxin
were negative. We observed no consistent effects in two-pollutant
models for PM mass concentration and OP. Instead, we found consistent
associations with nasal inflammatory markers for other PM
characteristics, specifically OC, endotoxin and NO2.
Occup Environ Med 2013;70:341-348 doi:10.1136/oemed-2012-100993 - read
abstract (http://oem.bmj.com/content/70/5/341.abstract)
- o -
6) Components of ambient air pollution affect thrombin generation in
healthy humans: the RAPTES project
Maciej Strak, Gerard Hoek, Maaike Steenhof, Evren Kilinc, Krystal J
Godri, Ilse Gosens, Ian S Mudway, René van Oerle, Henri M H Spronk,
Flemming R Cassee, Frank J Kelly, Roy M Harrison, Bert Brunekreef,
Erik Lebret, Nicole A H Janssen
We found that thrombin generation increases in the intrinsic
(FXII-mediated) blood coagulation pathway in relation to ambient air
pollution exposure. The associations with NO2, nitrate and sulphate
were consistent and robust, insensitive to adjustment for other
pollutants. The associations with tissue factor-mediated
thrombogenicity were not very consistent. Ex vivo thrombin generation
was associated with exposure to NO2, nitrate and sulphate, but not PM
mass, PM OP or other measured air pollutants.
Occup Environ Med 2013;70:332-340, doi:10.1136/oemed-2012-100992 -
read abstract (http://oem.bmj.com/content/70/5/332.abstract)
- o -
7) Mortality Associations with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air
Pollution in a National English Cohort
Iain M. Carey, Richard W. Atkinson, Andrew J. Kent, Tjeerd van Staa,
Derek G. Cook, H. Ross Anderson
These results strengthen the evidence linking long-term ambient air
pollution exposure to increased all-cause mortality. However, the
stronger associations with respiratory mortality are not consistent
with most US studies in which associations with cardiovascular causes
of death tend to predominate.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187, 11
(2013), 1226-1233, doi: 10.1164/rccm.201210-1758OC - read abstract
(http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201210-1758OC#.UoN2-HDvzK0)
- o -
8) Fluctuations in air pollution give risk warning signals of asthma
hospitalization
Nan-Hung Hsieh, Chung-Min Liao
The study showed that standard deviation of PM10 data was the most
correlated indicators for asthma hospitalization for all age groups,
particularly for elderly. The skewness of O3 data gives the highest
correlation to adult asthmatics. The proposed regression model shows a
better predictability in annual asthma hospitalization trends for
pediatrics. Our results suggest that a set of statistical indicators
inferred from time-series information of major air pollutants can
provide advance risk warning signals in complex air pollution-asthma
systems and aid in asthma management that depends heavily on
monitoring the dynamics of asthma incidence and environmental stimuli.
Atmospheric Environment 75, August 2013, 206-216 - read abstract
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13522310/75)
- o -
9) Measurement of airborne concentrations of tire and road wear
particles in urban and rural areas of France, Japan, and the United
States
Julie M. Panko, Jennifer Chu, Marisa L. Kreider, Ken M. Unice
Results indicated that TRWP (tire and road wear particles)
concentrations in the PM10 fraction were low with averages ranging
from 0.05 to 0.70 μg m−3, representing an average PM10 contribution of
0.84%. The TRWP concentration in air was associated with traffic load
and population density, but the trend was not statistically
significant. Further, significant differences across days were not
observed. This study provides a robust dataset to understand potential
human exposures to airborne TRWP
Atmospheric Environment 72, June 2013, 192-199 - read abstract
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13522310/72)
- o -
10) Assessment of toxic potential of primary and secondary
particulates/aerosols from biodiesel vis-à-vis mineral diesel fuelled
engine
Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Tarun Gupta, Neelabh Dixit, Pravesh Chandra Shukla
The toxicity and potential health hazards of exhaust particles were
assessed using various parameters such as nanoparticle size and number
distribution, surface area distribution, elemental and organic carbon
content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed onto the
particle surfaces, followed by toxic equivalent factor assessment. It
was found that biodiesel particulate toxicity was considerably lower
in comparison to mineral diesel.
Inhalation Toxicology May 2013, 25, 6, 325-332
doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.782515 - read abstract
(http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2013.782515)
- o -
11) Nitrogen dioxide is genotoxic in urban concentrations
Christian Koehler, Sebastian Thielen, Christian Ginzkey, Stephan
Hackenberg, Agmal Scherzed, Marc Burghartz, Michael Paulus, Rudolf
Hagen, Norbert Helmut Kleinsasser
Micronucleus induction as a sign of genotoxicity at an exposure
duration of 3 h could be shown. Shorter exposures did not induce
micronucleus formation. In summary, genotoxicity of NO2 could be
demonstrated at a common urban concentration in vitro, but a threshold
of NO2 genotoxicity could not be defined based on the present
experiments.
Inhalation Toxicology May 2013, 25, 6, 341-347,
doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.788104 - read abstract
(http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08958378.2013.788104)
- o -
12) Early lung development: lifelong effect on respiratory health and disease
Janet Stocks, Alison Hislop, Samatha Sonnappa
Healthy lung development is essential for maximum lung health in
adulthood, but can be adversely affected by several events during the
intrauterine period and early postnatal life. A better understanding
of the long-term effects of early life factors on subsequent
development of respiratory disease is imperative for appropriate
preventive and management strategies to reduce the burden of chronic
respiratory disease. Physicians need to enquire about prenatal and
perinatal history, recognise lung disease that is potentially
associated with prematurity and other early life insults, and offer
long-term monitoring and advice to susceptible adults about the
preservation of existing lung reserves.
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 1, 9, 728 - 742, November 2013,
doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70118-8 - read article
(http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(13)70118-8/fulltext#article_upsell)
- o -
13) Effects of air pollution on fetal development—more than low birthweight?
Jonathan Grigg
Overall, maternal exposure to traffic-derived particulate matter
probably increases vulnerability of their offspring to a wide range of
respiratory disorders in both infancy and later life. Should pregnant
women therefore act to reduce their own exposure to particulate
matter? Small changes in behaviour—eg, avoidance of pollution hotspots
such as those around road junctions—might significantly reduce
individual exposure to traffic-derived particulate matter. However,
until the determinants of individual exposure to particulate matter
within cities are clearly defined, no specific advice to pregnant
women should be given. In 2014, the effects of air pollution on fetal
and infant respiratory health will be reviewed by a UK Royal College
of Physicians Working Party on air quality and life effects. The
challenge for this group and other academic committees is to present
data for the effects of air pollution on fetal health so that they
drive policy change, but do not increase the anxiety of individual
women.
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 1, 9, 666 - 667, November 2013 - read
article
(http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(13)70219-4/fulltext?_eventId=login)
- o -
14) The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution
Dana Loomis, Yann Grosse, Béatrice Lauby-Secretan, Fatiha El
Ghissassi, Véronique Bouvard, Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, Neela Guha,
Robert Baan, Heidi Mattock, Kurt Straif, on behalf of the
International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group
IARC, Lyon, France
In October, 2013, 24 experts from 11 countries met at the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, to
assess the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. The IARC Working
Group unanimously classified outdoor air pollution and particulate
matter from outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans. The
Working Group concluded that there is strong evidence that real-world
exposures to outdoor air pollution, in several species, are associated
with increases in genetic damage, including cytogenetic abnormalities,
mutations in both somatic and germ cells, and altered gene expression,
which have been linked to increased cancer risk in humans.
The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 24 October 2013,
doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70487-X - read article
(http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(13)70487-X/fulltext?_eventId=login)
- o -
15) Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study
(ESCAPE)
Marie Pedersen, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Claire Bernard, Inmaculada
Aguilera, Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen, Ferran Ballester, Rob M J Beelen,
Leda Chatzi, Marta Cirach, Asta Danileviciute, Audrius Dedele, Manon
van Eijsden, Marisa Estarlich, Ana Fernández-Somoano, Mariana F
Fernández, Francesco Forastiere, Ulrike Gehring, Regina
Grazuleviciene, Olena Gruzieva, Barbara Heude, Gerard Hoek, Kees de
Hoogh, Edith H van den Hooven, Siri E Håberg, Vincent W V Jaddoe,
Claudia Klümper, Michal Korek, Ursula Krämer, Aitana Lerchundi,
Johanna Lepeule, Per Nafstad, Wenche Nystad, Evridiki Patelarou,
Daniela Porta, Dirkje Postma, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Peter Rudnai,
Jordi Sunyer, Euripides Stephanou, Mette Sørensen, Elisabeth Thiering,
Derek Tuffnell, Mihály J Varró, Tanja G M Vrijkotte, Alet Wijga,
Michael Wilhelm, John Wright, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen, Göran Pershagen,
Bert Brunekreef, Manolis Kogevinas, Rémy Slama
Exposure to ambient air pollutants and traffic during pregnancy is
associated with restricted fetal growth. A substantial proportion of
cases of low birthweight at term could be prevented in Europe if urban
air pollution was reduced.
The Lancet Respiratory, 1, 9, 695 - 704, November 2013, published
online October 2013, 12pp including commentary - read articles
(http://www.creal.cat/media/upload/pdf//birthweight_editora_23_255_2.pdf)
- o -
16) Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: a nationwide case-control
study in Italy
C Badaloni, A Ranucci, G Cesaroni, G Zanini, D Vienneau, F Al-Aidrous,
K De Hoogh, C Magnani, F Forastiere, on behalf of the SETIL Study Group
Overall, when considering the residence at birth, 35.6% of cases and
42.4% of controls lived along busy roads, and the mean annual PM10
levels were 33.3 (SD=6.3) and 33.4 µg/m3 (SD=6.5), respectively. No
association was found, and all ORs, independent of the method of
assessment and the exposure windows, were close to the null value.
Using various exposure assessment strategies, air pollution appears
not to affect the incidence of childhood leukaemia.
Occup Environ Med 2013;70:876-883 - read abstract
(http://oem.bmj.com/content/70/12/876.abstract.html?etoc)
- o -
17) Associations between ambient air pollution and gestational
hypertension in a nova scotia pregnancy cohort
A Poirier, L Dodds, M Johnson, T Dummer, D Rainham
Both long-term and short-term exposure to ambient air pollution have
been linked with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality. However, few studies have examined possible associations
between air pollution and gestational hypertension. Gestational
hypertensive disorders are a leading cause of perinatal and maternal
mortality, accounting for 2-8% of all pregnancy complications. The
current study will examine associations between ambient air pollution
and gestational hypertension in Halifax, Nova Scotia, using a
retrospective cohort design. Information on gestational hypertension
will be provided by the Nova Scotia Perinatal Atlee database which
includes approximately 5,000 births per year from 1988 onward. Air
pollution will be assessed using land-use regression (LUR) models and
regulatory monitoring data collected by the National Air Pollution
Surveillance (NAPS) network. LUR modeling will provide household level
estimates of maternal exposure, while NAPS data will be used to assess
pollution concentrations at the community level for the study period.
Air pollution data will be linked to the Perinatal Database based on
six-digit postal code (LUR) and date (NAPS) in order to estimate the
risk of developing gestational hypertension. The results of this study
will help to characterize risks associated with exposure to air
pollution during pregnancy.
Abstract from The Canadian Society for Epidemiology and Biostatistics
2013 National Student Conference, published in Am. J. Epidemiol.
(2013) 178 (10): 1588-1590 - read all abstracts
(http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1588.abstract.html?etoc)
- o -
18) Observational approaches in the study of the effects of Total
Suspended Particulates (TSP) exposure
Giuseppe Migliaretti, Paola Berchialla
The principal aim of this research was to compare the estimated risks
obtained by differing approaches based on the same population study in
the period 2006–2009. The results seem to indicate that the different
approaches studied seem to offer comparable results.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23, 5, 2013,
392-399 - read abstract
(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09603123.2012.743113#.UoNfPHDvzK0)
- o -
19) Aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease near Heathrow airport in
London: small area study
Anna L Hansell, , Marta Blangiardo, Lea Fortunato, Sarah Floud, Kees
de Hoogh, Daniela Fecht, Rebecca E Ghosh, Helga E Laszlo, Clare
Pearson, Linda Beale, Sean Beevers, John Gulliver, Nicky Best, Sylvia
Richardson, Paul Elliott
High levels of aircraft noisewere associatedwith increased risks of
stroke, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease for both
hospital admissions and mortality in areas near Heathrow airport in
London. As well as the possibility of causal associations, alternative
explanations such as residual confounding and potential for ecological
bias should be considered.
BMJ 2013;347:f5432 doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5432 (Published 8 October 2013)
10pp - read article
(http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5432.pdf%2Bhtml)
20) Aircraft noise and health
Joel C Corbin
PM0.1 particles from aircraft may increase risk of vascular disease.
Hansell and colleagues reported an association between exposure to
aircraft noise and increased risks of stroke, coronary heart disease,
and cardiovascular disease in areas close to Heathrow airport. They
considered several confounding variables, including air pollution.
However, air pollution was represented by PM10—the mass concentration
of suspended particles smaller than 10 μm—which does not reflect air
pollution from aircraft. Aircraft emit PM0.1 particles ...
LETTER in BMJ 2013; 347 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6783
(Published 19 November 2013) BMJ 2013;347:f6783 - BMA members can read
full article (http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6783?etoc=)
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Compiler and Editor: Barbara Rimmington, Researcher, East End Quality
of Life Initiative
10 Montgomery Terrace Road
Sheffield S6 3BU
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Fax 0114 278 7173
Email: barbara at sheffieldct.co.uk
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